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The paper describes changes in the distribution and the surface area of heaths during the last, nearly 120 years at two research sites located in the city of Toruń. The first site "JAR" is a former land of military manoeuvres in the northern part of the city, where a unit of the Soviet Army had been stationed after the 2nd World War till 1991. The second site "Glinki", situated...
Phytosociological analysis of non-forest communities was carried out on one of the oldest and the biggest military training grounds in Europe, located near the city of Toruń, in central Poland. Heaths and psammophilous grasslands developed here as a result of deforestation of inland dunes in the valley of the Vistula River, as well as a result of destruction of soils and vegetation brought on by manoeuvres...
Spatial distribution of heathlands in Pomerania (the north-western part of Poland) was described based on the results of questionnaires sent out to the registered offices of all forest divisions (96), national (4) and landscape (15) parks of this area. According to the inventory, heathlands occur in 28 forest divisions and 3 national and landscape parks. The frequency of occurrence and the area covered...
Dunes are generally found in Poland either along the seacoast or inland, mainly in river valleys and on glaciofluvial outwash fans. The position of the dune fields of the Toruń Basin is unique also due to the fact that it is dominated by large dune forms, while the western part of the European sand belt is dominated by aeolian coversands. Dunes in the Toruń Basin are found on all terraces and make...
Cistus is one of the most characteristic genera of the Mediterranean flora. These species, natives of lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, are present in scrubland and garigue on siliceous ground and often on acid soil; seven species in particular are founded in Sicily. The adaptation of the genus to Mediterranean environments is evident from ecological characteristics such as fire-dependent seed...
This paper presents the variability within two heath associations, i.e. Pohlio-Callunetum and Arctostaphylo-Callunetum in the territory of Poland. The variability of the former syntaxon was determined based on 9 sets of published relevés, made in different regions of Poland. In the case of the latter syntaxon, there were 13 sets of relevés. The sets were being compared in respect of species composition...
The relief of the Zadroże Dune was described, as well as the comparison was done on its vegetation cover and the flora in its two phases of the development, i.e. before the afforestation of the dune and approximately 60 years after reconstruction of the forest. The first state was described in the paper dated 1949. During that period the dune constituted the first common study area for the research...
The present paper aims at describing the biota of lichens of the Zadroże Dune and its adjacent area in Toruń. The research on lichens was conducted during the years 2005-2006. The data on lichens come from my own research and literature. Altogether, the occurrence of 82 lichen taxa was recorded in the investigated area, including 74 species recorded during my own research. Due to the availability...
The aim of the paper is to characterize some aspects of site conditions in selected places with the occurrence of heather (Calluna vulgaris) within the certain area of the Toruń Basin affected by military activities. Relations of heathlands to the soil cover appear to focus on the position of heather in the ecological succession on presently developing, young sandy soils and regularities of the heather...
The project "Italian Map of Nature" (IMN) is dedicated to create an electronic map (GIS) of the environmental state (quality and vulnerability) of the Italian territory at different scales. Up to now the GIS of IMN is offering maps at a scale 1:50,000. The environmental quality is estimated on the basis of biological description of habitats that can be mapped at this scale, the vulnerability...
The floral and phytosociological research conducted between 1998-2001 in the area of the artillery range shows that there are 460 different species, including 363 vascular plants and 96 algae, bryophytes and lichens. The aforementioned count includes 45 taxa that are fully or partially protected. In the investigated area there are 30 species of vascular plants and 13 lichen species endangered to a...
Being a mosaic of miscellaneous habitats, the Toruń Valley is a refuge for numerous species of animals, who find their shelter here, food and favourable places for reproduction. Countrywide, the Valley is also an important natural ecological corridor for those animals. Regarding this function, the Vistula River is of particular significance within the described area. This study presents species of...
The present wolf population of the Toruń Basin is one of the very few that exist in the central and the western part of Poland. Wolves populated the region at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, and at least since 2004 they reproduced in the forests on both sides of the Vistula River. The population from the Toruń Basin is probably an important source of wolves that colonize Western Poland and...
The aim of this research was to investigate the process of colonization in wooden nest boxes for birds by the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica [F.] in the forest reserve “Las Piwnicki” during 1986-1987. About 69% of 150 nest boxes were colonized (36% by D. saxonica) in 1986 and 35% (10% by D. saxonica) in 1987. Parasite Shecophaga vesparum Court was observed inside small cell nests (SC) and large cell...
Information about change is necessary for updating Land Use/ Land Cover LULC maps and the management of natural resources. The paper aims to map the changes in the LULC using hybrid classification methods and to quantify the land use/ land cover change that took place in the Rupnagar district of Punjab. The paper promotes the classification of LULC based on remote sensing information (obtained mainly...
The subject of this article is to study the critique of the adaptationist programme in the evolutionary psychology. I focus on the issue how the notions of “spandrel” and “exaptation”, first introduced to evolutionary biology by S. J. Gould, R. Lewontin and E. Vrba, were then applied to the field of evolutionary psychology and to more broadly evolution of human cognitive processes. My aim is to show,...
Autecological studies on some selected algae species were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on transition mires and raised bogs situated in the water and peat-bog nature reserve „Dury” in the Wdecki Landscape Park. Apart from forms co-dominating at all studied sites, such as Penium silvae-nigrae f. parallelum or Anisonema ovale, also forms that occurred occasionally were selected for autecological studies,...
Today in the scientific circle Humberto Romensin Maturana is considered the creator of the so-called Santiago School of Biology (also known as Biology of Cognition). Biology of Cognition is a research programme seeking an explanation of the phenomenon of cognitive functions of living organisms through the concepts of self-organization (from dynamical systems theory) and structural coupling (from cybernetics)...
Structural dynamics of bee communities was described in the heath area subject to succession of coniferous forest Peucedano-Pinetum. As pine trees successively overgrew the area, two-threefold decrease in the number of species was observed. Flowering of heather increased the food attractiveness of the heath for species of social bees. Stabilization of the structure of bee communities in the heath...
Applying the GIS technologies, historical and contemporary cartographic materials, data coming from the forest inventory and indices of biomass state, the total biomass and biomass for individual layers of forest and non-forest phytocoenoses, the real and potential biomass was assessed, as well as current and potential carbon resources in that biomass in four nature objects. The investigated objects...
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